@article {427,
	title = {Heritability estimates for 361 blood metabolites across 40 genome-wide association studies},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {39},
	abstract = {<p>Metabolomics examines the small molecules involved in cellular metabolism. Approximately 50\% of total phenotypic differences in metabolite levels is due to genetic variance, but heritability estimates differ across metabolite classes. We perform a review of all genome-wide association and (exome-) sequencing studies published between November 2008 and October 2018, and identify \&gt;800 class-specific metabolite loci associated with metabolite levels. In a twin-family cohort (N = 5117), these metabolite loci are leveraged to simultaneously estimate total heritability (h2total), and the proportion of heritability captured by known metabolite loci (h2Metabolite-hits) for 309 lipids and 52 organic acids. Our study reveals significant differences in h2Metabolite-hits among different classes of lipids and organic acids. Furthermore, phosphatidylcholines with a high degree of unsaturation have higher h2Metabolite-hits estimates than phosphatidylcholines with low degrees of unsaturation. This study highlights the importance of common genetic variants for metabolite levels, and elucidates the genetic architecture of metabolite classes.</p>
},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13770-6},
	author = {Hagenbeek, Fiona A and Pool, Ren{\'e} and van Dongen, Jenny and Draisma, Harmen H M and Jan Hottenga, Jouke and Willemsen, Gonneke and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Fedko, Iryna O and den Braber, Anouk and Visser, Pieter Jelle and de Geus, Eco J C N and Willems van Dijk, Ko and Verhoeven, Aswin and Suchiman, H Eka and Beekman, Marian and Slagboom, P Eline and van Duijn, Cornelia M and BBMRI Metabolomics Consortium and Harms, Amy C and Hankemeier, Thomas and Bartels, Meike and Nivard, Michel G and Boomsma, Dorret I}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Discovery of biochemical biomarkers for aggression: A role for metabolomics in psychiatry.},
	journal = {Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016 Feb 23},
	abstract = {<p>Human aggression encompasses a wide range of behaviors and is related to many psychiatric disorders. We introduce the different classification systems of aggression and related disorders as a basis for discussing biochemical biomarkers and then present an overview of studies in humans (published between 1990 and 2015) that reported statistically significant associations of biochemical biomarkers with aggression, DSM-IV disorders involving aggression, and their subtypes. The markers are of different types, including inflammation markers, neurotransmitters, lipoproteins, and hormones from various classes. Most studies focused on only a limited portfolio of biomarkers, frequently a specific class only. When integrating the data, it is clear that compounds from several biological pathways have been found to be associated with aggressive behavior, indicating complexity and the need for a broad approach. In the second part of the paper, using examples from the aggression literature and psychiatric metabolomics studies, we argue that a better understanding of aggression would benefit from a more holistic approach such as provided by metabolomics. \&copy; 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>
},
	issn = {1552-485X},
	doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32435},
	author = {Fiona Hagenbeek and Kluft, Cornelis and Thomas Hankemeier and Meike Bartels and Draisma, Harmen H M and Christel Middeldorp and Berger, Ruud and Antonio Noto and Lussu, Milena and Pool, Ren{\'e} and Faa, Gavino and Dorret I. Boomsma}
}
