@article {406, title = {Do parental psychiatric symptoms predict outcome in children with psychiatric disorders? A naturalistic clinical study}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry}, volume = {57}, year = {2018}, pages = {669{\textendash}677.e6}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Parental psychiatric symptoms can negatively affect the outcome of children\&$\#$39;s psychopathology. Studies thus far have mainly shown a negative effect of maternal depression. This study examined the associations between a broad range of psychiatric symptoms in mothers and fathers and the child\&$\#$39;s outcome.

METHOD: Internalizing and externalizing psychiatric symptoms were assessed in 742 mothers, 440 fathers, and their 811 children at the first evaluation in 3 child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics and at follow-up (on average 1.7 years later). Predictions of child\&$\#$39;s symptoms scores were tested at follow-up by parental symptom scores at baseline, parental scores at follow-up, and offspring scores at baseline.

RESULTS: Children whose mother or father scored above the (sub)clinical threshold for psychiatric symptoms at baseline had higher symptom scores at baseline and at follow-up. Offspring follow-up scores were most strongly predicted by offspring baseline scores, in addition to parental psychiatric symptoms at follow-up. Offspring symptom scores at follow-up generally were not predicted by parental scores at baseline. Maternal and paternal associations were of similar magnitude.

CONCLUSION: Higher symptom scores at follow-up in children of parents with psychopathology were mainly explained by higher symptom scores at baseline. Continuing parent-offspring associations could be a result of reciprocal effects, ie, parental symptoms influencing offspring symptoms and offspring symptoms influencing parental symptoms. Nevertheless, the results show that these children are at risk for persisting symptoms, possibly indicating the need to treat maternal and paternal psychopathology.

}, keywords = {child psychopathology, longitudinal, Parent-offspring associations, Parental psychopathology}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2018.05.017}, author = {Wesseldijk, Laura W and Dieleman, Gwen C and van Steensel, Francisca J A and Bleijenberg, Ellen J and Bartels, Meike and B{\"o}gels, Susan M and Middeldorp, Christel M} } @article {402, title = {Psychopathology in 7-year-old children: Differences in maternal and paternal ratings and the genetic epidemiology}, journal = {American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics}, volume = {174}, year = {2017}, pages = {251{\textendash}260}, abstract = {

The assessment of children\&$\#$39;s psychopathology is often based on parental report. Earlier studies have suggested that rater bias can affect the estimates of genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental influences on differences between children. The availability of a large dataset of maternal as well as paternal ratings of psychopathology in 7-year old children enabled (i) the analysis of informant effects on these assessments, and (ii) to obtain more reliable estimates of the genetic and non-genetic effects. DSM-oriented measures of affective, anxiety, somatic, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, oppositional-defiant, conduct, and obsessive-compulsive problems were rated for 12,310 twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Register by mothers (N = 12,085) and fathers (N = 8,516). The effects of genetic and non-genetic effects were estimated on the common and rater-specific variance. For all scales, mean scores on maternal ratings exceeded paternal ratings. Parents largely agreed on the ranking of their child\&$\#$39;s problems (r 0.60-0.75). The heritability was estimated over 55\% for maternal and paternal ratings for all scales, except for conduct problems (44-46\%). Unbiased shared environmental influences, i.e., on the common variance, were significant for affective (13\%), oppositional (13\%), and conduct problems (37\%). In clinical settings, different cutoffs for (sub)clinical scores could be applied to paternal and maternal ratings of their child\&$\#$39;s psychopathology. Only for conduct problems, shared environmental and genetic influences explain an equal amount in differences between children. For the other scales, genetic factors explain the majority of the variance, especially for the common part that is free of rater bias. \copyright{} 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

}, keywords = {parental ratings, psychopathology, rater bias, shared environment, twins}, doi = {10.1002/ajmg.b.32500}, author = {Wesseldijk, Laura W and Fedko, Iryna O and Bartels, Meike and Nivard, Michel G and van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E M and Boomsma, Dorret I and Middeldorp, Christel M} }