@article {435,
	title = {Investigating the genetic architecture of noncognitive skills using GWAS-by-subtraction},
	journal = {Nature Genetics},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {35{\textendash}44},
	abstract = {<p>Little is known about the genetic architecture of traits affecting educational attainment other than cognitive ability. We used genomic structural equation modeling and prior genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of educational attainment (n = 1,131,881) and cognitive test performance (n = 257,841) to estimate SNP associations with educational attainment variation that is independent of cognitive ability. We identified 157 genome-wide-significant loci and a polygenic architecture accounting for 57\% of genetic variance in educational attainment. Noncognitive genetics were enriched in the same brain tissues and cell types as cognitive performance, but showed different associations with gray-matter brain volumes. Noncognitive genetics were further distinguished by associations with personality traits, less risky behavior and increased risk for certain psychiatric disorders. For socioeconomic success and longevity, noncognitive and cognitive-performance genetics demonstrated associations of similar magnitude. By conducting a GWAS of a phenotype that was not directly measured, we offer a view of genetic architecture of noncognitive skills influencing educational success.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1038/s41588-020-00754-2},
	author = {Demange, Perline A and Malanchini, Margherita and Mallard, Travis T and Biroli, Pietro and Cox, Simon R and Grotzinger, Andrew D and Tucker-Drob, Elliot M and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Arseneault, Louise and van Bergen, Elsje and Boomsma, Dorret I and Caspi, Avshalom and Corcoran, David L and Domingue, Benjamin W and Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Ip, Hill F and Mitchell, Colter and Moffitt, Terrie E and Poulton, Richie and Prinz, Joseph A and Sugden, Karen and Wertz, Jasmin and Williams, Benjamin S and de Zeeuw, Eveline L and Belsky, Daniel W and Harden, K Paige and Nivard, Michel G}
}
